The Society of Montana Pioneers was founded in Helena on September 11, 1884. James Fergus was elected the first president; George Irvine II, recording secretary; and Samuel T. Hauser, treasurer. Thirteen vice presidents represented the state's counties. Membership was open to "all persons who were residents within the Territory, on or before May 26, 1864." In 1901, the date of the residency requirement was changed to December 31, 1868. Dues were set at two dollars a year, "but no person shall be expelled for non-payment of same."

The Society sponsored annual conventions in various Montana communities, promoting an interest in local history. Pioneers were encouraged to contribute biographical reminiscences, and officers gave papers at these meetings. The Society's growth led to the organization of six county Pioneer Societies by 1897.

On August 18, 1892, the Society of Sons and Daughters of Montana Pioneers was founded. Membership was open to anyone with a relative who would have qualified for membership in the Society of Montana Pioneers.

As a result of the Pioneers' research, the Society compiled and published a Register in 1899, containing biographical sketches of over 1,800 pioneers. In succeeding decades, the Society continued to preserve records, to promote the restoration of monuments, to solicit historical reminiscences, and often to provide small financial contributions to needy pioneers.